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BS 5975-1:2024 clause 4.1.1.1 describes temporary works as providing an engineered solution to support or protect the permanent works during construction. 

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) does not provide any definition of temporary works but it is generally accepted that it would be considered as construction work as defined by stated in CDM regulation 2, specifically 'the assembly on site of prefabricated elements to form a structure or the disassembly on site of the prefabricated elements which, immediately before such disassembly, formed a structure'. 

In addition, CDM regulation 2 defines a structure, as 'any formwork, falsework, scaffold, or other structure designed or used to provide support or means of access during construction work, i.e., temporary works, temporary structures, or temporary arrangements'. 

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The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (external content) describes permanent works as parts of a construction project that will be used and remain in position for a long time. This includes buildings and structures such as bridges, roads, retaining walls, etc. The construction of most types of permanent works will require the use of some form of temporary works. 

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) does not provide any definition of  permanent works but it is generally accepted that it would be considered as construction work as defined by stated in CDM regulation 2, specifically the 'construction, alteration, conversion, fitting out, commissioning, renovation, repair, upkeep, redecoration, or other maintenance, de-commissioning, demolition or dismantling of a structure. 

In addition, CDM regulation 2 defines a structure, as 'any building, timber, masonry, metal or reinforced concrete structure, railway line or siding, tramway line, dock, harbour, inland navigation, tunnel, shaft, bridge, viaduct, waterworks, reservoir, pipe or pipeline, cable, aqueduct, sewer, sewage works, gasholder, road, airfield, sea defence works, river works, drainage works, earthworks, lagoon, dam, wall, caisson, mast, tower, pylon, underground tank, earth retaining structure or structure designed to preserve or alter any natural feature, and fixed plant'.

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BS 5975-1:2024 clause 4.1.1.1 provides the following examples of temporary works:

1. Supporting or protecting either an existing structure or the permanent works during construction, modification, or demolition.
2. Provision of stability to the permanent structure during construction, pre-weakening, or demolition (e.g. propping, shoring, façade retention etc.).
3. Securing a site or providing access to a site or workplace on site or segregation of pedestrians and vehicles (e.g. hoarding, haul roads, fencing, stairs).
4. Supporting or restraining plant, materials, or equipment, including stability of water-borne craft.
5. Provision of earthworks or slopes to an excavation or supports to the side or roof of an excavation or supports or diversions to watercourse during construction operations.
6. Providing a safe platform for work activity on land or water (e.g. jetty, scaffolding, edge protection or towers)
7. Providing measures to control noise, dust, debris, fume, air quality, groundwater or any site discharges during construction or demolition (e.g. screens, bunds, de-watering, demolition debris).
8. Providing protection or support to services
9. Facilitating testing (e.g. pressure testing pipes, pile testing, pre-demolition floor load capacity testing)

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BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.10 defines a standard solution as comprising a suitable arrangement for which the basic design work has already been carried out and presented in a tabular or other easily assimilated form, and for which no further structural calculations are necessary. The choice of a standard solution can be influenced by such matters as availability of material and the particular experience of the supervisory and construction workforce.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 9.5.4 states the supplier should provide technical data in the form of arrangements of their equipment based on certain conditions of use. These arrangements, known as standard solutions and often presented in a tabular or readily assimilated format, should relate to the supplier’s products only.

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There are many contributing factors that can cause structures to collapse. These can be attributed to the Product, Process and the People, including communication. These are commonly referred to as the 3 P’s and could include: 

Product failures 

not built correctly, damaged component parts, lack of design, overloaded, inadequate foundations, lack of maintenance, not checked prior to installation, unauthorised modifications. 

Process failures 

no procedure or inadequate procedure, procedure not being followed, procedure not compliant with legislation or BS 5975, people not trained on procedure, no design check, not authorised for use, inadequate quality control, hold points not identified. 

People failures 

not appointed, not aware of responsibilities, not experienced, not trained, lacking competency, poor communication, the ‘human factor’. 

Communication failures 

missing information, unnecessary information, inaccurate information, poor or variable quality of information, misunderstandings, failing to carry forward information to successive shifts.

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HSG48 Reducing error and influencing behaviour (external content)

The Bragg report was published in 1975, following a major collapse in 1972 of a falsework structure on the River Loddon, near Reading. In this incident, three operatives were killed. 

Its terms of reference were to advise on all aspects of the design, manufacture, erection, and maintenance of falsework, particularly in the construction of bridges. It was specifically to identify any deficiency in current knowledge, standards, and practices, to draw up interim criteria for use in advance of the publication of a British Standard on the subject and to provide recommendations for further research.

The committee, chaired by Stephen Bragg, proposed ways in which technical faults and procedural inadequacies could be avoided helping to prevent failure. 

27 recommendations were substantially incorporated into the British Standard Code of Practice in 1982, including designers being provided a proper written brief, designers considering the affect that lateral loads have on structural stability and the appointment of a properly qualified temporary works coordinator to ensure procedures are being followed and to authorise use.

More information

The Bragg Report can be downloaded from the Collaborative Reporting for Safer Structures UK (CROSS-UK) website.

Emerald Publishing provides a link to the journal article Re-visiting Bragg to keep UK's temporary works safe under EuroNorms on their website.

BS 5975-1:2024 management procedures for the control of temporary works gives recommendations for procedures to ensure that temporary works are conceived, designed, specified, constructed, used and dismantled in a safe and controlled manner. 

In 2019, BS 5975 introduced additional duties to the wider project team and all those influencing temporary works including the Client, Principal Designer, Designers, Principal Contractor and Contractors. 

More information

BS 5975-1:2024 management procedures for the control of temporary works, clause 1.

Purpose

Health and safety regulations

They are relevant to the work being carried out part of the UK law that places duties on

employers and employees and specify the technical requirements and set minimum standards. It is a criminal offence to contravene them.

Approved codes of practice (ACoP's)

They provide recommended methods to comply with a specific health and safety regulation and have special legal status. If the advice in an ACOP is not followed and a company or individual is prosecuted for a breach of the law, the court will take the breach of the law as proven unless it can be shown that the law has been complied with in another equally effective way.

Health and safety guidance (HSG)

They give practical advice on how to comply with regulations, and although not legally enforceable they give practical advice on how regulations can be complied with. Following the advice in HSE guidance ensures enough is being done to comply with the law.

The following health and safety regulations, ACoP's and guidance applicable to the construction industry are reflected in the BS 5975-1:2024:

Construction (Design and Management) Regulations

Purpose: require all construction work to be suitably planned, managed and monitored, i.e., conducted, to secure construction health and safety. 

Applicable regulations: Regulation 8 general duties, 19 stability of structures, Regulation 22 excavations, and Regulation 23 cofferdams and caissons

Associated guidance: L153 Managing health and safety in construction,  HSG150 Health and safety in construction

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 

Purpose: requires all those using work equipment to consider its suitability, maintenance, inspection and stability. 

Applicable regulations: Regulation 4 suitability, Regulation 5 maintenance, Regulation 6 inspection, and Regulation 20 stability. 

Associated guidance: L22 Safe use of work equipment

Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 

Purpose: requires all those carrying out lifting operations and using lifting equipment to consider strength and stability of the ground and anchorages, lifting of persons, and examination and inspection. 

Applicable regulations: Regulation 4 strength and stability, Regulation 5 lifting of persons, and Regulation 6 thorough examination and inspection. 

Associated guidance: L113 Safe use of lifting equipment, BS 7121 code of practice for the safe use of cranes parts 1-14.   

Work at Height Regulations 

Purpose: requires all those working at height to consider the avoidance of risks from work at height where possible, selection and requirements of work equipment, fragile surfaces, falling objects, and inspection of equipment and places of work. 

Applicable regulations: Regulation 6 avoidance, Regulation 7 selection, Regulation 10 failing objects, and Regulation 12 inspection. Also, schedules 1-7 especially schedule 3 part 2 additional requirements for scaffolding. 

Associated guidance: HSG33 Safety in roof work 

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 

Purpose: requires employers to carry out risk assessment applying the general principles of prevention, have appropriate arrangements for effective planning, organisation, control, monitoring and review of the preventive and protective measures, and accessing capability and providing adequate training. 

Applicable regulations: Regulation 3 risk assessment, Regulation 4 prinicples of prevention, Regulation 5 health and safety arrangements, Regulation 11 cooperation and coordination, and Regulation 13 capabilities and training. Also, schedules 1 the general principles of prevention. 

Associated guidance:  HSG65 Successful health and safety management, HSG48 Reducing error and influencing behaviour

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations require all construction work to be suitably planned, managed and monitored, i.e., conducted, to secure construction health and safety. 

Key elements to securing construction health and safety include:

1. managing the risks by applying the general principles of prevention; 
2. appointing the right people and organisations at the right time; 
3. making sure everyone has the information, instruction, training and supervision they need; 
4. duty holders cooperating and communicating with each other and coordinating their work;

In addition, Regulation 8(4) requires that, a person with a duty or function under these regulations must cooperate with any other person working on in in relation to a project. 

More information

L153 Managing health and safety in construction

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations require all construction work to be suitably planned, managed and monitored, i.e., conducted, to secure construction health and safety. 

In addition, Regulation 8(4) requires that, a person with a duty or function under these regulations must cooperate with any other person working on in in relation to a project. 

The following have duties and responsibilities under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations:

Regulation 4 - Client

Providing pre-construction information, ensuring welfare has been provided, appointing a principal contractor where there is more than one contractor.

Regulation 11 - Principal Designer (PD)

Responsible for the pre-construction phase, assisting the Client in providing pre-construction information, assisting the principal contractor ensuring the health and safety file is prepared and provided to the Client.

Regulation 13 - Principal Contractor (PC)

Responsible for the construction phase and all construction work, developing the construction phase plan, leadership and setting standards for construction site works.  

More information

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, L153 Managing health and safety in construction

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, requires employers to carry out risk assessment applying the general principles of prevention, have appropriate arrangements for effective planning, organisation, control, monitoring and review of the preventive and protective measures. Regulation 4 schedule 1 requires employers to:

• (a) avoiding risks;
• (b) evaluating the risks which cannot be avoided;
• (c) combating the risks at source;
• (d) adapting the work to the individual, especially as regards the design of workplaces, the choice of work equipment and the choice of working and production methods, with a view, in particular, to alleviating monotonous work and work at a predetermined work-rate and to reducing their effect on health;
• (e) adapting to technical progress;
• (f) replacing the dangerous by the non-dangerous or the less dangerous;
• (g) developing a coherent overall prevention policy which covers technology, organisation of work, working conditions, social relationships and the influence of factors relating to the working environment;
• (h) giving collective protective measures priority over individual protective measures, i.e., using fall prevention and not relying upon personal fall arrest; and
• (i) giving appropriate instructions to employees.

These principles apply to all industries, including construction. They provide a framework to identify and implement measures to control risks on a construction project, including temporary works. The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations, regulation 9 for designers and regulation 13 for contractors both state that the general principles of prevention must be applied.

More information

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, L153 Managing health and safety in construction

In 2010, the HSE published an internal memo SIM 02/2010/04 entitled the management of temporary works in the construction industry, identifying the following enforcement outlines if control failures are observed: 

1. No temporary works procedure and high risk or complex temporary works in use or planned.
2. Inadequate temporary works procedure and medium risk temporary works in use or planned.
3. Absence of effective input from Principal Designer demonstrated by lack of cooperation between temporary and permanent works designers. 
4. Inadequate temporary works arrangements in the construction phase plan.

More information

SIM 02/2010/04 the management of temporary works in the construction industry (external content)

Register of convictions and notices (external content)

Recent prosecutions (external content)

BS 5975-1 clause 5.1.1.1 states that, when a project requires, or is expected to require, temporary works, organizations should have and implement a procedure which outlines how they are to discharge their duties in relation to the temporary works.

In addition to their duties and responsibilities under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations, the following main duty holders have duties and responsibilities as defined in BS 5975-1:

Clause 6 - Client

Identifying any assets that might be affected by temporary works, providing information to enable the PD, or the contractor for single contractor projects, and the PC, or the contractor for single contractor projects, to design, construct and remove temporary works.

Clause 7.5 - Principal Designer (PD)

Verify that there is a coherent construction method which identifies all key temporary conditions and temporary works, the finally agreed construction method, sequence and temporary works dare compatible with the permanent works design, information is shared with designers, and the PC’s TWC and TWC, they retain appropriate information relating to temporary works that would be required for the health and safety file.

Clause 8 - Principal Contractor (PC)

Ultimate responsibility for the safe execution of all temporary works on site, ensuring interfaces should be included in the construction phase plan, appointing competent persons to the roles of TWC, TWS, TWD and TWDC, and verifying that contractors’ temporary works procedures are satisfactory.  

In addition, to the main duty holders listed above, contractors (clause 8), permanent work designers (clause 7.3), temporary works designers (clause 7.4), and suppliers (clause 9) have duties.

More information

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The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations regulation 8(1) requires that, a designer or contractor appointed to work on a project must have the skills, knowledge and experience and, if they are an organisation, the organisational capability.  

In addition, regulation 8(2) states that, a designer or contractor must not accept an appointment to a project unless they can fulfil the conditions in regulation 8(1).

• Skills -  understanding and setting the required quality standards and the ability to perform to the same standard and expected levels of workmanship repeatedly.
• Knowledge -  understanding how to do the job and being able to demonstrate and explain what to do and how to do it to others. You can gain knowledge from training. 
• Experience -  gained over time by applying skills and knowledge practically and learning lessons to maintain the required standards and levels of workmanship.

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024. 

If you'd like to discover more about temporary works training courses go to What training do I need? In addition, Download the Training Guide for more information.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 4.2.1 states that all those managing, or influencing, temporary works should have, as a minimum have:

1. An understanding of the procedures outlined in BS 5975-1:2024 
2. Up-to-date knowledge of their organization’s procedures 
3. An understanding of the principles of risk management, i.e., design and build risk
4. Technical knowledge to both the role and the complexity of the work 
5. Practical knowledge relevant to the complexity of the work

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 8.3.2.1, and clause 8.3.4.1, states that the designated individual should be satisfied the temporary works coordinator and supervisor have the necessary competency. This requirement should also extend to all those managing or influencing temporary works in the wider project team including commercial and technical teams.

More information

If you'd like to discover more about temporary works training courses go to What training do I need? In addition, Download the Training Guide for more information.

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations, regulation 8(1)(2)(3) places general duties on any person who is responsible for appointing designers and contractors to satisfy themselves they have the organisational capability.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.1.1.7, states that whilst the Principal Contractor has the overall duty to safely execute temporary works, responsibilities could be delegated to contractors, that if authorised, would have a duty to safely execute temporary works within their control. Additionally, the Principal Contractor should carry out a vetting process, otherwise known as pre-qualification process. 

Whilst BS 5975-1:2024 does not suggest any specific method to use for checking organisational capability, L153 Managing health and safety in construction page 24 provides guidance summarised as follows: 

• Those making appointments will find the standard health and safety questions in PAS 91:2013 (Publicly Available Specification) Construction related procurement - Prequalification questionnaires a useful aid. 
• Designers or contractors can use the services of an independent (third party) assessor to assess their organisational capability. If they do, there are companies that provide pre-qualification assessment services, including those who are members of the Safety Schemes in Procurement (SSIP) Forum.
• The Common Assessment Standard comprises an industry-agreed question set and corresponding assessment standards for the pre-qualification of suppliers. Companies apply to a Recognised Assessment Body under the umbrella of the Safety Schemes in Procurement (SSIP) for the certification level that is most appropriate for their business based on a range of factors. 
• TW21.081 TWf Information Sheet No 13 Pre-qualification questionnaires provides a list of sample questions relating specifically to temporary works procedures to supplement PAS 91.  

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 8.1.6 requires that contractor’s procedure should include measures for appointing competent persons to the roles of TWC, TWS, TWD and TWDC.

In addition, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 8.4.3 states that the Principal Contractor (PC) should verify the competency of temporary works designers (TWD) and temporary works design checkers (TWDC). This is usually achieved by issuing, and reviewing, a pre-qualification questionnaire (PQQ) that could be issued and managed by technical or design team managers.

All those managing or influencing temporary works should be formally appointed in writing. This should extend to the wider project team. 

Principal Designer (PD)

• Appointed by the Client under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 regulation 5
• For temporary works, by the Client's DI under BS 5975-1:2024 under clause 6.3.2(a)

Principal Contractor (PC)

• Appointed by the Client under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 regulation 5
• For temporary works, by the Client's DI under BS 5975-1:2024 under clause 6.3.2(a) 

Designated Individual (DI)

• Appointed by the executive board of the organisation that employs them under BS 5975-1:2024 under clause 5.1.2.1

Permanent Works Designer (PWD)

• Appointed by the DI of the organisation that employees them, and verified by the PC's or Contractor's DI under BS 5975-1:2024 clause 8.2
• Has duties under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 regulation 8   

Temporary Works Designer (TWD) and Temporary Works Design Checker (TWDC)

• Appointed by the DI of the organisation that employees them, and verified by the the PC's or Contractor's DI under BS 5975-1:2024 clause 8.1
• Has duties under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 regulation 8

PC's Temporary Works Coordinator (PC TWC)

• Appointed by the DI of the organisation that employees them under BS 5975-1:2024 clause 8.3.2.1

Contractor's Temporary Works Coordinator (TWC)

• Appointed by the DI of the organisation that employees them under BS 5975-1:2024 clause 8.3.3.1

PC's or Contractor's Temporary Works Supervisor (TWS)

• Appointed by the DI of the organisation that employees them under BS 5975-1:2024 clause 8.3.4.2
• Appointment could be delegated to the TWC under BS 5975-1:2024 clause 8.3.4.4

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations regulation 8(1) requires that, a designer or contractor appointed to work on a project must have the skills, knowledge and experience and, if they are an organisation, the organisational capability.  

In addition, regulation 8(2) states that, a designer or contractor must not accept an appointment to a project unless they can fulfil the conditions in regulation 8(1).

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

Click here to download a temporary works appointment letter template. This document can be used to formally appoint all of those duty holders shown above.

Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

The training you need will be related the your job role. Click here to learn more about the temporary works training course that is right for you.

More information

Download the Training Guide for more information.

What are they responsible for?

Identifying any assets that might be affected by temporary works, providing information to enable the PD, or the contractor for single contractor projects, and the PC, or the contractor for single contractor projects, to design, construct and remove temporary works.    

More information

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 6 provides guidance on their general duties. 

What are they responsible for?

Verify that there is a coherent construction method which identifies all key temporary conditions and temporary works, the finally agreed construction method, sequence and temporary works dare compatible with the permanent works design, information is shared with designers, and the PC’s TWC and TWC, they retain appropriate information relating to temporary works that would be required for the health and safety file. 

More information

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 7.5 provides guidance on their general duties. 

What are they responsible for?

Ultimate responsibility for the safe execution of all temporary works on site, ensuring interfaces should be included in the construction phase plan, appointing competent persons to the roles of TWC, TWS, TWD and TWDC, and verifying that contractors’ temporary works procedures are satisfactory.    

More information

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 8 provides guidance on their general duties. Clause 13 provides site considerations to be included in the temporary works implementation plan.

What are they responsible for?

The DI should establish and maintain a procedure and verify the competence of individuals to be appointed and the TWC, understands procedures and their specific responsibilities. The DI should verify that there is a clear process for the on-site management of temporary works. The PC's DI should confirm subcontractors’ temporary works procedures.     

More information

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 8.2 provides guidance on their general duties. 

hat are they responsible for?

Single point of contact, i.e., to the Client, PD, TWD, site team and any other TWC. The PC’s TWC should have overall responsibility for the coordination of all temporary works activities across the site.  

Responsible to the PC’s DI for verifying the temporary works design is implemented in accordance with the relevant construction-issue drawings and the specification.

What are their duties?

Verify that a Temporary Works Implementation Plan is in place, should manage the interfaces, confirm that a Temporary Works Register is established and maintained, and confirm that a Design Brief is prepared. 

More information

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 10.2.2 provides guidance on their role and clause 10.2.3 on their general duties. Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

What are they responsible for?

Single point of contact for providing and receiving information from the PC's TWC and the contractor's site team.  The subcontractors TWC should be appointed to assist the PC's TWC.  Should be responsible for implementing on site the contractor’s approved procedure.  

What are their duties?

Verify that the PC’s DI has given approval to the contractor to manage and design the temporary works, verify that a Temporary Works Implementation Plan is in place, should manage the interfaces, establishing and maintaining a Temporary Works Register, and verify that those responsible for on-site supervision receive all the details of the design and any residual risks. 

More information

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 10.3.2 provides guidance on their role and clause 10.3.3 on their general duties. Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

The TWS should be responsible to the PC's TWC or TWC as appropriate in supervision and checking of the temporary works.  

What are their duties? 

Carry out, or supervise, required checks at appropriate stages, the final check prior to use of the temporary works, drawing to attention to the TWC for any changes or modifications to the temporary works scheme, and after a satisfactory final check, and when authorized to do so, issue a Permit to Load or proceed. 

Can the TWS issue permits? 

BS 5975-1 clause 11.2.2 states that, TWS should only be authorized to issue a permit to proceed, e.g. load (bring into use) or unload (take out of use), if the DI of their organization and the PC’s TWC are satisfied that:

• an individual TWS is competent and has been given the appropriate authority AND
• the risk classification identified is low or very low.

More information

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 11.2 provides guidance on their role and clause 11.3 on their general duties. Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015, regulation 19(2)(a), states any temporary support or structure must be designed, installed and maintained to withstand any foreseeable load which may be imposed upon it. BS 5975-1:2024 recommends the following:

Clause 7.3 - Permanent works designer

Identifying and making provision for temporary works in their design. 

Clause 7.4 - Temporary works designer 

Responsibilities include:

1. Base their design on the design brief.
2. Provide details of any modifications required where requirements of the design brief cannot be fully accommodated.
3. Choose appropriate design standards and other technical guidance and provide a list of those used.
4. Identify loads that act on the temporary works.
5. If selecting a standard solution, take into full account the limitations of these designs and consult with all data and other technical guidance provided by the   manufacturer, or supplier.
6. Provide sufficient information to the TWC so the temporary works scheme can be checked and built correctly.
7. Assess the capability of non-proprietary materials or equipment for bespoke designed solutions to ensure they can resist loading conditions, and, where appropriate, arrange for testing.
8. Where the design relies upon specific site conditions for stability, or residual risks, provide data to the TWC. 

Clause 7.5 - Principal designer

Verify that there is a coherent construction method which identifies all key temporary conditions and temporary works, the finally agreed construction method, sequence and temporary works dare compatible with the permanent works design, information is shared with designers, and the PC’s TWC and TWC, they retain appropriate information relating to temporary works that would be required for the health and safety file. 

More information

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 7 provides guidance on designers general duties.

What are they responsible for?  

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.6.1 states that, sufficient and comprehensive information should be provided by the temporary works designer [who could be the supplier] to allow the temporary works to be checked and implemented correctly. 

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations regulation 3, requires that any designer provides adequate information about any residual risk associated with the design. BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.1.5 design residual risks should be addressed in [contractors’ task-specific risk assessment and] method statements. 

In addition, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 9.5.3 states that the supplier should provide the following and specify any specific testing, maintenance or inspection regimes:

a. Detailed user guides in an appropriate format, explaining how items are to used;

b. Information on transportation and safe handling of temporary works equipment on site;

c. Identification of critical items requiring inspection, such as items prone to deterioration over a period of time. 

More information

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 9 provides guidance on designers general duties. Also go to Designing temporary works where additional designer duties are shown.  

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 1 gives recommendations for procedures to ensure that temporary works are conceived, designed, specified, constructed, used and dismantled in a safe and controlled manner. 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 4.1.1.5 states that, to minimize the chance of errors being made, and to maximise the chance of errors being discovered, an effective system of checking, both for the design and its implementation, should also be implemented. 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.1.1.9 states that, organisations involved in temporary works should prepare and record their own procedures to understand control or mitigates risks. 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.1.1.11 states that, to understand, control or mitigate the risks, organisations involved in temporary works should prepare and record their own procedures. 

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024. Click here to view a simplified temporary works process. 

BS 5975-1 states that, at the start of the project, a temporary works protocol should be established to define the appropriate degree of control, by each party, to demonstrate the safe execution of the temporary works.  

The PC's TWC or TWC should verify that a Temporary Works Implementation Plan is in place.  

The TWC should manage the interfaces and details of the interfaces should be included in the construction phase plan.

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024 including what should be considered in the construction phase plan and included in the temporary works implementation plan.

Click here to download a Temporary Works Implementation Plan template. Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

Purpose

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.1.2 states that, a Temporary Works Implementation Plan covering the erection and assembly, use and dismantling including who is responsible for design supply and build should be in place. In addition, Clause 8.5.1.4 at the start of the project, a temporary works protocol should be established to define the appropriate degree of control, by each party, to demonstrate the safe execution of the temporary works.  

Who’s responsible? 

Clause 13.1.2 states that, the PC's TWC or TWC should verify that a Temporary Works Implementation Plan is in place. 

What should be included?

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.1.2 describes what should be considered in a Temporary Works Implementation Plan. 

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024 including what should be considered in the construction phase plan and included in the temporary works implementation plan.

Click here to download a Temporary Works Implementation Plan template. Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

Purpose

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.2 commentary states that, the Temporary Works Register allows continuous monitoring and different staff to monitor progress.  

Who’s responsible? 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.2.1 states that the PC’s TWC should arrange for a Temporary Works Register to be prepared and maintained throughout the project. In addition, clause 5.2.2 states, where a contractor has been appointed to manage their own temporary works, the TWC should prepare and maintain a local Temporary Works Register.   

What should be included?

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.2.3 provides a list of what should be considered in a Temporary Works Register.  

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

Click here to download a Temporary Works Register template. Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

Purpose

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.2.1 states that, a Temporary Works Design Brief should be prepared to serve as the basis for subsequent decisions, design work, calculations, drawings and design checks. It is the starting point for all decisions relating to design. These are consider design inputs and the first stage in the design risk assessment process, i.e., identifying site hazards, design considerations and reflecting actual site conditions.  

Who’s responsible? 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 4.1.2 states that, except for very low risk temporary works, a Temporary Works Design Brief should be prepared by the site team and issued to the TWD by the TWC.

In addition, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.2.3 states that, the TWC should verify that sufficient and comprehensive information is collated before design work can commence or a programme for the construction of the temporary works can be drawn up. 

Also, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 10.2.3(d)(e)(f) states that, the PC’s TWC is responsible for confirming that a Temporary Works Design Brief is prepared, any other works that could be affected, and any constraints identified by the PWD are included. 

What should be included?

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.2.4 provides a comprehensive list of what should be considered in a Temporary Works Design Brief. In addition BS 5975-1:2024 Annex A gives examples of what should be included in a Temporary Works Design Brief for a range of structures.

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

Click here to download a Temporary Works Design Brief template. Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations regulation 19(2)(a), states any temporary support or structure must be designed, installed and maintained to withstand any foreseeable load which may be imposed upon it. 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.3 provides design guidance. In summary the temporary works designer should: 

1. Base their design on the agreed design brief;
2. Provide details of any modifications required where requirements of the design brief cannot be fully accommodated;
3. Choose appropriate design standards and other technical guidance and provide a list of those used;
4. Identify loads that act on the temporary works;
5. If selecting a standard solution, take into full account the limitations of these designs and consult with all data and other technical guidance provided by the manufacturer, or supplier;
6. Provide sufficient information to the TWC so the temporary works scheme can be checked and built correctly;
7. Assess the capability of non-proprietary materials or equipment for bespoke designed solutions to ensure they can resist loading conditions, and, where appropriate, arrange for testing;
8. Where the design relies upon specific site conditions for stability, or residual risks, provide data to the TWC.

More information

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Useful websites

The following organisations and website provide a range of useful design requirements and standards: 

• Temporary Works forum (TWf)
• Construction Plant-hire Association (CPA)
• National Access and Scaffolding Confederation (NASC)

Who’s responsible? 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.6.1 states that, sufficient and comprehensive information should be provided by the temporary works designer [who could be the supplier] to allow the temporary works to be checked and implemented correctly. 

What should be included?

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.6 provides design outputs guidance. This may include drawings, user guides, technical information, inspection and test requirements, outline method statements and design residual risks.

In addition, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 7.1.5 states that, the design output should include the residual risks associated with the design, any hold points required by the designer, and which criteria allow their release, limitations on the use of the design and/or an outline methodology on how the temporary works are to be constructed (where this is not obvious to a competent contractor), and data required by other designers interfacing with this design, for example loads on foundations.

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations regulation 3, requires that any designer provides adequate information about any residual risk associated with the design. 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.1.5 design residual risks should be addressed in [contractors’ task-specific risk assessment and] method statements. 

In addition, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 9.5.3 states that the supplier should provide the following and specify any specific testing, maintenance or inspection regimes:

a. Detailed user guides in an appropriate format, explaining how items are to used;

b. Information on transportation and safe handling of temporary works equipment on site;

c. Identification of critical items requiring inspection, such as items prone to deterioration over a period of time. 

Inspections and test requirements should be incorporated into the Temporary Works Inspection and Test Plan.

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

Click here to download a Temporary Works Inspection and Test Plan template. Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

Purpose

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 3.1.20 defines the Temporary Works Inspection and Test Plan as, a document that prescribes the design output to be used to produce an item of work.

Who’s responsible? 

BS 5975-1 clause 10.2.3 (n) states that, the PC's TWC is responsible for confirming that an ITP is prepared … to verify that the temporary works have been constructed in accordance with the certified design.    

What should be included?

What needs testing, who is responsible, what the test is, the equipment required, the required result, the actual result, the test outcome, and the test frequency.

Inspections and test requirements should be incorporated into the Temporary Works Inspection and Test Plan.

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

Click here to download a Temporary Works Inspection and Test Plan template. Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

Designs should be categorised in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024 table 2 as follows:

• Category 0 - standard solutions, i.e., standard trench boxes, TG20 or TG30 compliant scaffolding,
• Category 1 - simple designs, i.e., low-level falsework, formwork, trench support over 2 metres deep with easily controlled ground water,
• Category 2 - more complex or involved designs, i.e., trench support incorporating sheet piles with or without high groundwater, top-restrained temporary works,
• Category 3 - complex or innovative designs, i.e., basement excavations and tunnelling works.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.7.4 states that where designs have been prepared by different individuals or organisations, the design check categories should be appropriate to that design.

Who’s responsible? 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.1.3.3 states that, the PC's TWC should confirm the…design check category…where there is an interface. Where there is no interface the TWC should be responsible for this.

In addition, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.1.3.4 states that, the… design check category should be determined in consultation with the design team. 

Also, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 7.4.1.3, states that the TWD, in consultation with the TWC, should advise the minimum category of design check. This could be influenced by a third party such as Network Rail, National Highways or others.

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

Purpose

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.7.1 states that, the proposed temporary works design should be checked for concept, adequacy, correctness and conformity with the requirements of the design brief.  

In addition, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.7.2, states that, when the design has been completed...the design brief should be provided to the organisation/individual who is to carry out the design check, together with the relevant design statement, drawings and specifications, and associated information [i.e., all design inputs and outputs].   

Who’s responsible? 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.7.1 states that, the proposed temporary works design should be checked by a competent person independent from those responsible for the original design. 

The competency of temporary work design checker (TWDC) should be greater, and they should have a higher level of technical and practical proficiency in line with BS 5975-1:2024 clause 4.2.1, specifically, technical and practical knowledge relevant to the complexity of the work.

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.7.1 states that, the proposed temporary works design should be checked by a competent person independent from those responsible for the original design. 

The competency of temporary work design checker (TWDC) should be greater, and they should have a higher level of technical and practical proficiency in line with BS 5975-1:2024 clause 4.2.1, specifically, technical and practical knowledge relevant to the complexity of the work.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.7.4 states that where designs have been prepared by different individuals or organisations, the design check categories should be appropriate to that design. The following completed PC’s TWC master temporary works register example shows a range of structures, and their assigned categories. This is for illustration purposes only.

• Category 0 - a competent member of the site team, i.e., groundworks foreman, fully trained scaffolder, scaffolding supervisor, or the supplier 
• Category 1 - a member of the in-house design team, i.e., an engineer or engineering technician, or the supplier 
• Category 2 - a member of a different in-house design team, i.e., an engineer
• Category 3 - an independent design organisation, i.e., an engineer

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.7.4 states that, on completion of the design and the Temporary Works Design Certificate should be issued for Category 2 and Category 3 checks and, where the organization’s procedures require, for Category 1 checks. The certificates should confirm that the design conforms to the requirements of the design brief, state the standards/technical literature used and list the constraints or loading conditions imposed. Where a standard solution is used, a Temporary Works Design Certificate is issued when the solution is originally developed [by the manufacturer and supplier].

Handling design queries 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.8 provides guidance on how queries raised by the temporary works design checkers should be handled. 

In all categories of check, the temporary works design checker should only sign the Temporary Works Design Certificate when they are completely satisfied that:

• the design output contains all necessary information to allow the temporary works to be constructed without the site team having to develop it further; and
• the design output is in accordance with the requirements of the design brief and is in accordance with recognized engineering principles, relevant British Standards and other appropriate specialist guidance.

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

Click here to download a Temporary Works Design Certificate template. Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

 5975-1:2024 clause 12.9.2 states that, any proposed alterations, upgrades or additions to temporary works structures in use, or being installed on site, proposed by the site team should be referred to the relevant TWC who should refer to the relevant TWD. If an interface exists, then the matter should be referred to the PC’s TWC and where required, the Lead TWD. 

What is the process?

Where there is no significant change, and no interface with other works, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.9.1 states that, the relevant TWD should confirm acceptability to the relevant TWC.

Where there is significant change, or interface with other works, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.9.2 states that the alteration should be referred by the relevant TWD to the TWDC and the design will need to be re-certified. 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 11.3(i) states that, in the event that any inspections reveal discrepancies between the certified and as-constructed temporary works, [the TWS] should issue a notice to prevent loading until the discrepancies have been rectified to the satisfaction of the PC’s TWC and/or TWC.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 12.9.1 states that changes should be recorded in writing with reference to the original design brief and issued to the designer.  Arrangements for handling design changes should be identified in the construction phase plan including protocols for handling changes where temporary works rely or impose a load on permanent works. 

Considerations

• Is the change necessary?
• What are the benefits? 
• Who benefits?
• Does it influence method?
• Is it significant? If yes, the TWDC will need to be consulted.
• What’s the cost? The commercial team will need to be consulted.
• Is there an impact on permanent works design? If yes, the PD and PWD will need to be consulted.

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

Click here to download a Temporary Works Design Change Request template. Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015, regulation 19(2)(a), states any temporary support or structure must be designed, installed and maintained to withstand any foreseeable load which may be imposed upon it.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.1.3 states that risk associated with construction, use and removal of the temporary works relate to the workmanship, materials, experience and manner of use. These are termed execution risks and should be included as general risks, or hazards to control. Task-specific risk assessments and method statements should consider execution risks and in addition, as stated in BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.1.5, include design residual risks. 

How can execution risks be controlled?

• Workmanship, i.e., poor workmanship - people assessment, organisation assessment, checking during installation, supervision

• Materials, i.e., poor quality material or unserviceable equipment - communicating specification, procuring from reputable sources, checking on delivery and before installation

• Experience, i.e., inexperienced workforce, unfamiliar with product or process - people assessment, organisation assessment, blended teams, manufacturer or supplier supervision

• Manner of use, i.e., - misuse or overload - loading zones, briefing users, loading signage, supervision, monitoring during use, permits to load

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

Purpose

In accordance with BS 5975-1:2024 table 1, the implementation risk classification determines whether a Temporary Works Design Brief is required, who should issue the Temporary Works Permit to bring in use or take out of use, how regularly the structure should be checked during use, and whether a pre-installation site team review is required. 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.1.3.2 states that, each organization should determine the level of control for each risk class of temporary works, depending on their experience (including that of operatives) and competence, and the location of the particular temporary works and the consequence of its failure. 

In accordance with BS 5975-1:2024 table 1, the implementation risk classification levels are as follows: 

• Very low - no mode of failure, no impact and no injury
• Low - could collapse but injury unlikely
• Medium - could cause fatal injury, no interface but would not cause catastrophic incident
• High - inexperienced team unfamiliar with process or equipment, could cause fatal injury, with complex interfaces that could cause catastrophic incident

Who’s responsible? 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.1.3.3 states that, the PC's TWC should confirm the…implementation risk class…where there is an interface. Where there is no interface the TWC of the organisation carrying out the temporary works should be responsible for this.

In addition, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 5.1.3.4 states that, the… design check category should be determined in consultation with the construction team. 

• More information
• Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

Purpose

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.2.1.1 states that, as a means of exercising control over bringing the temporary works into use, a formal procedure for giving permission to load or proceed to the next stage in the implementation sequence should be part of the implementation plan.

Specifically, BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.2.1.3 states that, the Temporary Works Permit to load (or proceed), issued prior to release of the hold point, should confirm that:

1. the temporary works has been constructed in accordance with the certified design;
2. any modifications to the temporary works have been approved by the designer; and
3. the water, ground and environmental conditions and use are as envisaged by the design.

Who’s responsible? 

In accordance with BS 5975-1:2024 table 1, the Temporary Works Permit to bring in use or take out of use should be based upon the implementation risk classification as follows:

• Very low - an authorised TWS, an authorised TWC or PC's TWC
• Low - an authorised  TWS, an authorised TWC or PC's TWC
• Medium - an authorised  TWC or PC's TWC
• High - the PC's TWC

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.2.1.2 states that, the PC's TWC, an authorised TWC or an an authorised TWS should verify that a Temporary Works Permit to bring in use, or to load is issued to the site team prior to bringing the TW into use. 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 11.2.3 states that, a TWS should only be authorized to issue a Temporary Works Permit to proceed, to bring in use, e.g. load (bring into use) or unload (take out of use), if the DI of their organization and the PC’s TWC are satisfied that, an individual TWS is competent and has been given the appropriate authority and the risk classification identified is low or very low. 

More information

Subscribe to the Management Guide for a practical guide to managing temporary works in accordance with BS 5975-1:2024.

Need a template?

Click here to download all temporary works document templates.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 3.1.18 defines a hold point as, stage in the temporary works process where no further progress is to be made until the necessary permit or action has been completed.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.1.4 states that, the Temporary Works Implementation Plan should define hold points at which the structure is to be checked for conformity and who is authorized to do so, including issuing Temporary Works Permit to load or unload (release the hold point), signing of checklists, etc., by the PC’s TWC, the TWC or the TWS. 

More information

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Who’s responsible? 

In accordance with BS 5975-1:2024 table 1, the Temporary Works Permit to bring in use or take out of use should be based upon the implementation risk classification as follows:

• Very low - an authorised TWS, an authorised TWC or PC's TWC
• Low - an authorised  TWS, an authorised TWC or PC's TWC
• Medium - an authorised  TWC or PC's TWC
• High - the PC's TWC

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.2.1.2 states that, the PC's TWC, an authorised TWC or an an authorised TWS should verify that a Temporary Works Permit to bring in use, or to load is issued to the site team prior to bringing the TW into use. 

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 11.2.3 states that, a TWS should only be authorized to issue a Temporary Works Permit to proceed, to bring in use, e.g. load (bring into use) or unload (take out of use), if the DI of their organization and the PC’s TWC are satisfied that, an individual TWS is competent and has been given the appropriate authority and the risk classification identified is low or very low.

More information

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Need a template?

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BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.2.2.1 states that, where the temporary works is used to provide support to the permanent works until it is self-supporting, the PC’s TWC, TWC or TWS, as identified in the implementation plan, should determine that the permanent works have attained adequate strength and/or stability, with reference to the PWD’s specification or in conjunction with the PWD if necessary, prior to issuing a permit to unload or proceed (take out of use).

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.2.2.2 states that, the sequence and order of removing temporary works, where critical, should be defined in the design output and/or confirmed in the implementation plan. The sequence should be referenced in the permit to unload or permit to proceed.

BS 5975-1:2024 clause 13.3 states that, when it reaches the end of its use, e.g. the structure being supported has become self-supporting or the excavation has been backfilled, the temporary works should be dismantled (removed) in accordance with any restrictions imposed by the permanent works designer as set out in the implementation plan.  

More information

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A selection of further reading that includes standards and guidance. Where the document is freely available a direct link has been included.

Andun: https://andun.co.uk/(external link)

• Temporary works process flowchart (external link)

British Standards Institution (BSI): https://shop.bsigroup.com(external link)

• BS 5975:2019 Code of practice for temporary works procedures and the permissible stress design of falsework
• BS 7121, Parts 1 to 14, Code of practice for safe use of cranes
• BS EN 12811-4:2013 Temporary works equipment - Protection fans for scaffolds. Performance requirements and product design
• BS EN 12812:2008 Falsework. Performance requirements and general design.

CIRIA: www.ciria.org(external link)

• C579 (2003). Retention of masonry façades – Best practice guide
• C589 (2003). Retention of masonry façades – best practice site handbook

CITB Shop: Construction site safety – The comprehensive guide (GE700)(external link)

In particular:

• Book C: General safety (Chapters 04, 07 and 09)
• Book D: High risk activities
• Book F: Specialist activities (Chapter 03).

CITB: CDM guidance for designers

Concrete Centre: www.concretecentre.com/Publications-Software.aspx(external link)

Concrete Society: www.concrete.org.uk(external link)

• CS030 (2012). Formwork – A guide to good practice. Third edition.

Construction Plant Hire Association: https://www.cpa.uk.net(external link)

• Ground Conditions for Construction Plant (2014). Good practice guide(external link)
• Definition of Engineering Terms Relating to Piling, Excavations and Temporary Works Design (STIG TIN 201)(external link)

CONSTRUCT: https://construct.org.uk/toolkit_category/technical-formwork/(external link)

• CSG005: Guide to the safe use of formwork and falsework (2008) 

HSE: www.hse.gov.uk(external link)

• L153: Managing health and safety in construction, Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015. Guidance on Regulations(external link)
• CIS56, Safe erection, use and dismantling of falsework(external link)
• HSG48, Reducing error and influencing behaviour(external link)
• HSG150 Health and safety in construction(external link)
• SIM 02/2010/04 The management of temporary works in the construction industry(external link)

HMSO: 

• Bragg, S.L. (1975). Final report of the Advisory Committee on Falsework.(external link)

ICE Publishing: www.icevirtuallibrary.com(external link)

• Pallett, PF and Filip, R (2018). Temporary Works: Principles of Design and Construction. Second edition 
• McAleenan, C and Oloke, D (2010). ICE Manual of Health and Safety in Construction 
• Hewlett, W., Jones, A., Marchand, S. and Bell, B (2014). Re-visiting Bragg to keep UK's temporary works safe under EuroNorms(external link)

The Institution of Structural Engineers: https://www.istructe.org(external link)

• Temporary Works Toolkit(external link)

NASC: https://nasc.org.uk/(external link)

• TG20:21: Good practice guidance for tube and fitting scaffolding 
• TG9:18: Guide to the design and construction of temporary roofs and buildings(external link) 

Steel Construction: http://www.steelconstruction.org(external link)

The Structural Engineer: www.istructe.org/journal(external link)

These largely reference to permanent works but the principles apply to temporary works.

• Carpenter, J. (2003). Practical application of risk management, The Structural Engineer, 15 July 2003, pp.19–20 (external link)
• Carpenter, J. (2010) A simple approach to the management of risk on civil and structural engineering projects: how to get on with ERIC, The Structural Engineer, 7 April 2010, p.20 (external link)

Temporary Works forum: www.twforum.org.uk/home(external link) (see ‘Resources’)

• TW16.005 Rev A. TWf Information Sheet No. 2 – Temporary works training(external link)
• TW19.010. TWf Information Sheet No. 6 – The safe management of temporary works(external link)
• TW21.081. TWf Information Sheet No. 13 – PAS 91, Construction prequalification questionnaires – Supplementary questions specific to temporary works(external link)
• TW17.037. Principles for the management of temporary loads, temporary conditions and temporary works during the construction process(external link)
• TW11.027, Rev F. Competencies of the TWC(external link)
• TW19.065/TWf2019:03. Temporary Works Procedure: Sample